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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Principles of Hindu Reckoning ： ウィキペディア英語版 Principles of Hindu Reckoning ''Principles of Hindu Reckoning'' (''Kitab fi usul hisab al-hind'') is a mathematics book written by 10th- and 11th-century Persian mathematician Kushyar ibn Labban. It is the second-oldest book extant in Arabic about Hindu arithmetic using Hindu numerals ( ० ۱ ۲ ۳ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸ ۹), preceded by ''Kibab al-Fusul fi al-Hisub al-Hindi'' by Abul al-Hassan Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Uglidis, written in 952. Although Al-Khwarzimi also wrote a book about Hindu arithmetics in 825, unfortunately his Arabic original was lost, only a 12th-century translation is extant.〔Martin Levy,Martin Petruck p3〕 In the tenth century, Persian mathematician Abu al-Wafa(940-997) wrote Kitab fi ma yahtaj ilailhi al-kuttab wal-ual min ilm al-hisab, a work on mathematics in Arabic, however he did not use the Hindu-Arabic numerals.〔Martin Levey and Martin Petruck, p3〕 Kushyar ibn Labban did not mention the Indian sources for ''Hindu Reckoning'', and there is no earlier Indian book extant which covers the same topics as discussed in this book. ''Principles of Hindu Reckoning'' becomes one of the foreign sources for ''Hindu Reckoning'' in the 10th and 11th century in India. It was translated into English by Martin Levey and Marvin Petruck in 1963 from the only extant Arabic manuscript at that time: Istanbul, Aya Sophya Library, MS 4857 and a Hebrew translation and commentary by Shālôm ben Joseph 'Anābī.〔Martin Levey, Marvin Petruck, "Kūshyār Ibn Labbān: Principles of Hindu Reckoning" TheUniversity of Wisconsin Press (1965)〕 ==Indian dust board== Hindu arithmetic was conducted on a dust board similar to the Chinese counting board. A dust board is a flat surface with a layer of sand and lined with grids. Very much like the Chinese counting rod numerals, a blank on a sand board grid stood for zero, and zero sign was not necessary.〔George Ifrah, The Universal History of Numbers, p554〕 Shifting of digits involves erasing and rewriting, unlike the counting board. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Principles of Hindu Reckoning」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.